Issue 2/2026
M. Yordanova1,2, Iv. Boronsuzov1,2
1 Department of Pediatric Clinical Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital „Tsarina Ioanna – ISUL“
2 Department of Pediatrics, Medical University – Sofia
Proptosis refers to the anterior displacement of the eyeball beyond the orbital rim (exophthalmos) and encompasses a broad differential diagnostic spectrum ranging from inflammatory to proliferative disorders, a substantial proportion of which are malignant—either primary or secondary. Awareness of the potential etiologies is essential for both general practitioners and ophthalmologists in order to initiate appropriate diagnostic evaluations in a timely manner. Key steps toward establishing the diagnosis include a thorough clinical history, characteristic findings on comprehensive physical examination of the child and blood tests, and prompt, adequate imaging studies. A multidisciplinary approach is crucial for achieving an accurate diagnosis and guiding subsequent therapy.
Key words: proptosis, pediatric orbital tumors, pediatric orbital metastases, pediatric ocular infections
Address for correspondence:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Maya Yordanova, MD
Clinic of Pediatric Clinical Hematology and Oncology,
UMHAT „Tsarina Ioanna – ISUL“
8, „Byalo More“, Str.
1527, Sofia