Issue 9/2025
Momcheva, I., Valkov, M.
Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital Burgas
Burgas State University „Prof. Dr. Asst. Zlatarov“ – Burgas
Autoreactivity is an intrinsic feature of the immune system, reflecting its ability to recognize self-antigens. When mechanisms of immunological tolerance are disrupted, autoreactivity may evolve into autoimmunity, a pathological state associated with tissue damage and chronic inflammation. The onset of autoimmune diseases results from a multifactorial interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) play a central role as diagnostic and occasionally prognostic biomarkers in systemic autoimmune diseases. Their interpretation in clinical practice requires careful consideration of antibody titers, immunofluorescence patterns, and the presence of specific autoantibodies. This review outlines the fundamental immunological mechanisms of autoimmunity, the biological nature of ANA, and current approaches for their detection and interpretation. It also addresses the diagnostic challenges, the role of ANA in preclinical phases of disease, and their potential within the framework of personalized medicine.
Key words: autoimmunity, autoreactivity, antinuclear antibodies
Address for correspondence:
Dr. Irina Momcheva, MD
Rheumatology Clinic, University Hospital Burgas
9, Zornitsa, j.k.
8018, Burgas
tel.: 0895 448 167