Issue 10/2026
Georgieva1, S., Sivkova1, N., Slavov2, G.
1 Department of Eye Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University – Plovdiv,
University Eye Clinic, University Hospital “St. George” – Plovdiv
2 Clinic of Nervous Diseases, University Hospital “St. George” – Plovdiv
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune, inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, characterized by demyelination, axonal damage and progressive disability. Evidence suggests that axonal damage occurs early in the disease. One of the first manifestations of MS may be optic neuritis(ON), which is inflammation of the myelin sheath. It is responsible for the conduction of visual information from the retina to the brain, thus playing a role in the perception and awareness of the corresponding visual image. Over the past two decades, significant changes have occurred in the diagnostic criteria, imaging diagnostics and therapeutic approaches in MS. The introduction of the revised McDonald criteria, the development of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the identification of new biomarkers have allowed for earlier and more precise diagnosis. In parallel, the introduction of highly effective disease-modifying therapies has significantly improved the prognosis and quality of life of patients. This article reviews current aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of MS.
Key words: multiple sclerosis, demyelination, MRI, biomarkers, immunotherapy, neurodegeneration.
Adress for correspondence:
Dr. S. Georgieva
Department of Eye Diseases, Faculty of Medicine,
Medical University – Plovdiv,
University Eye Clinic, St. George University Hospital,
Plovdiv
66, „Peshtersko Shose“, Blvd.